Preparation and evaluation of Indigo Naturalis dry suspension based on powder surface modification / 药学学报

A dry suspension of Indigo Naturalis (IN) based on lactose-IN composite particles was designed by powder modification technology to meet the clinical needs of IN. The contact angle was used as an evaluation index to investigate the effects of the type of modifier lactose, the amount of lactose, and the co-grinding time of lactose and IN on the hydrophilicity of IN. The difference between IN before and after modification was compared through physical properties such as particle size and scanning electron microscope, as well as hydrophilic properties such as surface free energy and multiple light scattering. The optimal process of lactose-IN composite particles is as follows: after lactose is ground alone for 2 minutes, it is co-ground with IN at a ratio of 1∶1 for 6 minutes. The results of the investigation of powder properties show that the particle size d0.9 of IN is reduced from 112.75 μm to 87.30 μm after modification. The BET and Langmuir specific surface areas decreased by 8.661 m2·g-1 and 12.512 m2·g-1, respectively. SEM shows that lactose is attached to the surface of modified IN (MIN); surface element analysis shows that Si, Ca, and Mg elements of MIN are smaller than IN, and O elements are larger. The infrared spectrum shows that the MIN possesses the characteristic peaks of both IN and lactose. Compared MIN with IN, the contact angle and the non-polar surface free energy decreased by 35.1° and 9.975 mJ·m-2, respectively; the polar surface free energy and the surface free energy increased by 36.956 and 26.950 mJ·m-2, respectively. The results of multiple light scattering showed that the light transmittance of MIN was 35% lower than that of IN, and the backscattered light intensity was increased by about 25%. Only one excipient was used to successfully prepare IN dry suspension with good wettability and suspending property, which provided a basis for the development of new preparations of IN.

Impactos da pulverização aérea de agrotóxicos em uma comunidade rural em contexto de conflito / Impacts of aerial spraying of pesticides in a rural community in a context of conflict

RESUMO Este trabalho buscou analisar o contexto social, institucional e ambiental da contaminação humana e ambiental por agrotóxicos, via pulverização aérea, por meio do estudo de caso de uma comunidade atingida, incluindo a possibilidade de os agrotóxicos serem utilizados como arma química em região onde há conflitos por terras e territórios. Como metodologia, utilizou-se o estudo de caso sobre a pulverização ocorrida no Assentamento Raimundo Vieira III, Gleba Gama, Nova Guarita-MT. No caso estudado, há indícios de intencionalidade no processo de contaminação das famílias, principalmente considerando que estas já vinham sofrendo outras agressões. O estudo mostrou a ineficiência, intencional ou não, dos aparelhos públicos tanto na investigação e responsabilização dos envolvidos quanto no atendimento das pessoas contaminadas. Conclui-se que o método de pulverização aérea é ineficiente com perdas elevadas, só podendo justificar sua adoção por razões econômicas em detrimento da racionalidade técnica e dos princípios de prevenção e precaução. O Estado não consegue manter efetivamente a fiscalização do uso de agrotóxicos, e há uma ampliação dos riscos vinculados aos agrotóxicos com as mudanças legais que têm sistematicamente ocorrido desde 2015.

ABSTRACT This work sought to analyze the social, institutional and environmental context of human and environmental contamination by pesticides by aerial spraying, through the case study of an affected community, including the possibility of pesticides being used as a chemical weapon in a region where there are conflicts over land and territories. The methodology used was the case study on the spraying that occurred in the Raimundo Vieira III Settlement, Gleba Gama, Nova Guarita-MT. It was concluded that, in the case studied, spraying is part of a framework with several other types of violence experienced by families. The study showed the inefficiency, intentional or not, of public institutions in the investigation and accountability of those involved and in the care of t he infected people. It is concluded that the aerial spraying method is inefficient with high losses, and its adoption can only be justified for economic reasons to the detriment of technical rationality and the principles of prevention and precaution. The State is unable to effectively maintain inspection of the use of pesticides, and there is an increase in the risks linked to pesticides with the legal changes that have been systematically taking place since 2015.

Powder modificationfor improving content uniformity of Ziyin Yiwei Capsules / 中国中药杂志

Based on the defects in powder properties of the contents of Ziyin Yiwei Capsules, this study screened out the main medicinal slice powders causing the poor powdery properties, and introduced the powder modification process to improve the powdery properties of these slice powders, the pharmaceutical properties of the capsule contents, and the content uniformity of Ziyin Yiwei Capsules, so as to provide a demonstration for the application of powder modification technology to the preparation of Chinese medicinal solid preparations. Through the investigation on the powder properties of the contents of Ziyin Yiwei Capsules, it was clarified that the pulverized particle size of the capsule contents had a good correlation with the pulverization time. According to the measurement results of the powder fluidity and wettability, the quality defects of the capsule contents were caused by the fine powders of Taraxaci Herba and Lungwortlike Herba. "Core-shell" composite particles were prepared from medicinal excipients magnesium stearate and fine powders of Taraxaci Herba and Lungwortlike Herba slices after ultra-fine pulverization to improve the powder properties of the problematic fine powders. Powder characterization data including fluidity and wettability were measured, followed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and infrared ray(IR) detection. It was determined that the optimal dosage of magnesium stearate was 2%, and the compositing time was 3 min. The composite particles were then used as content components of the Ziyin Yiwei Capsules. The powder characteristics between the original capsule and the modified composite capsule including the particle size, fluidity, wettability, uniformity of bulk density, and uniformity of chromatism as well as the content uniformity and in vitro dissolution were compared. The results showed that the powder characteristics and content uniformity of the prepared composite capsule were significantly improved, while the material basis of the preparation was not changed before and after modification. The preparation process was proved to be stable and feasible. The powder modification technology solved the pharmaceutical defects that were easy to appear in the preparation of traditional capsules, which has provided experimental evidence for the use of powder modification technology for improving the quality of Chinese medicinal solid preparations and promoting the secondary development and upgrading of traditional Chinese medicinal dosage forms such as capsules.

Research progress on modification technology and equipment of Chinese materia medica powder / 中草药

Chinese materia medica (CMM) powder has poor mobility, hygroscopic, viscous and easy reunion because of the complex physical and chemical properties. In recent years, pharmacy workers used domestic and foreign reference materials, chemicals, drugs and other chemical powder modification technology to improve the physicochemical properties of CMM powder, and have made some progress. This article summarizes the common modification technology and equipment of CMM powder, puts forward the basic ideas and the development prospects of CMM powder modification.

Optimization of Ultrafine Pulverization Technology in Chaige Tuire Powder / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the ultrafine pulverization technology in Chaige tuire powder;to compare the content and microcharacteristics between ultrafine powder and ordinary powder. METHODS:Using contents of 3 active ingredients(puera-rin,glycyrrhizin and baicalin)and powder d(0.5)as main indexes,bulk density,angle of repose and microcharacteristic as refer-ence indexes,orthogonal test was designed to optimize the initial particle size,moisture and pulverized frequency in ultrafine pul-verization technology. Contents of 3 active ingredients of ultrafine powder and ordinary powder(over 65/80 mesh sieve)and obser-vation results of calcium oxalate crystal under microscope were compared. RESULTS:The optimized technology was as follow as over 65 mesh sieve,moisture of 2.5%preliminary powder in 60 Hz of frequency for pulverization. In verification test,d(0.5)aver-age value of 3 ultrafine powder samples was 31.5 μm(RSD=0.45%,n=3);contents of puerarin,glycyrrhizin and baicalin were 0.232 mg/g(RSD=1.31%,n=3),0.212 mg/g(RSD=1.62%,n=3),8.962 mg/g(RSD=0.89%,n=3),respectively,which were increased about 30%-40% than in ordinary powder(0.158,0.15669,6.140 mg/g). There were no or little bundles of calci-um oxalate crystal that is common in ordinary powder. CONCLUSIONS:Optimized ultrafine pulverization technology is stable and feasible;contents of 3 active ingredients in Chaige tuire ultrafine powder are higher and calcium oxalate crystal are litter than ordi-nary powder,which possibly reduces the adverse reactions in clinical application.

Deposit of pesticides without and with adjuvants on citrus seedlings following different intervals of artificial rain / Depósito de caldas fitossanitárias sem e com adjuvantes sobre mudas de citros com diferentes intervalos para incidência de chuva artificial

ABSTRACT:For a crop protection product to achieve its goal, the product must be applied and remain on the leaves until it is absorbed. This situation may be compromised due to rainfall after spraying, thus necessitating reapplication which increase the overall cost. Application technology research has focused on alternatives and solutions to mitigate this effect through the use of adjuvants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the deposit of spraying liquid on citrus seedlings using the products spirodiclofen, propargite, imidacloprid, lambda cyhalothrin, copper oxychloride, and copper hydroxide with water mixed with the adjuvants polydimethylsiloxane and phosphatidylcholine. Seedlings were subjected to simulated rains of 10mm at intervals of 1, 6, 12 and 24h after spraying, and the remaining deposits of spraying liquid per leaf area were analyzed by spectrophotometry by assessing a metallic marker previously added in the spraying liquids. Variables were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test (P<0.05). The rains that occurred soon after spraying resulted in decreased spraying liquids deposits on citrus leaves. Adjuvant phosphatidylcholine promoted the greatest retention of spraying liquid on citrus leaves after rainfall.

RESUMO:A aplicação de um produto fitossanitário deve assegurar que ocorra sua chegada e permanência das gotas sobre folhas até que sejam absorvidos para manifestação do efeito biológico. Essa situação pode ser comprometida pela ocorrência de chuvas após a pulverização, necessitando de reaplicações que elevam os custos. A tecnologia de aplicação busca alternativas e soluções para amenizar esse efeito, como o uso de adjuvantes. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o depósito de caldas fitossanitárias pulverizadas sobre mudas de citros, com os produtos espirodiclofeno, propargite, imidacloprido, lambida cialotrina, oxicloreto de cobre e hidróxido de cobre apenas com água e em mistura com os adjuvantes polidimetilsiloxano e fosfatidilcoline antes e após chuvas artificais de 10mm, com intervalos de 1, 6, 12 e 24 horas após a pulverização. Os depósitos de caldas remanescentes por área foliar foram analisados por espectrofotometria, considerando um marcador metálico previamente adicionado nas caldas. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey (P<0,05). As chuvas ocorridas mais próximas do momento das pulverizações resultaram em menores depósitos de calda sobre as folhas de citros. O adjuvante fosfatidilcoline manteve a maior quantidade das caldas sobre folhas de citros, quando da ocorrência de chuvas após a pulverização.

Effects of superfine pulverization technology on the dissolution of Erzhi pill / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To determine the dissolution rate of Erzhi pill which was prepared by using different crushing technologies with specnuezhenide as index - and study the influence of superfine pulverization technology on the dissolution of Erzhi pill. Methods Crude drugs were crushed into the fine powder by employing general crusher and ultra-micro pulverizer-respectively. The water-honeyed pills were prepared by using these fine powders. The method of rotating basket and HPLC were used for the determination of dissolution of specnuezhenide in vitro. The data were analyzed by applying the law of Weibull. Results Compared with Erzhi pill B- the dissolution parameters of specnuezhenide in Erzhi pill A - including T50, T60, T70, T80, T90, F1h and F2h- showed significant differentce(P<0.05). Conclusion Applying the superfine pulverization technology can improve the dissolution of Erzhi pills in vitro.

Effects of superfine pulverization technology on the dissolution of Erzhi pill / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To determine the dissolution rate of Erzhi pill which was prepared by using different crushing technologies with specnuezhenide as index , and study the influence of superfine pulverization technology on the dissolution of Erzhi pill. Methods Crude drugs were crushed into the fine powder by employing general crusher and ultra-micro pulverizer,respectively. The water-honeyed pills were prepared by using these fine powders. The method of rotating basket and HPLC were used for the determination of dissolution of specnuezhenide in vitro. The data were analyzed by applying the law of Weibull. Results Compared with Erzhi pill B,the dissolution parameters of specnuezhenide in Erzhi pill A ,including T50、T60、T70、T80、T90、F1h and F2h, showed significant differentce(P<0.05). Conclusion Applying the superfine pulverization technology can improve the dissolution of Erzhi pills in vitro.

Controle de doenças foliares em trigo com equipamentos de pulverização de baixo volume de aplicação / Control of leaf diseases in wheat with low spray volume equipments

A utilização de equipamentos de pulverização com menor volume de aplicação no controle de doenças é uma tendência na agricultura. Portanto, este trabalho tem por objetivo determinar a eficiência de equipamentos com baixo volume de aplicação no controle de doenças foliares do trigo. O experimento foi conduzido em duas safras agrícolas e três cultivares no município de Santa Maria, RS. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de diferentes equipamentos de pulverização, sendo eles: pontas hidráulicas do tipo leque (XR 110015) e cone vazio sem indução de ar (TX-VK6), ambos com volume de aplicação de 120L ha-1, atomizadores rotativos de discos, utilizando baixo volume oleoso (BVO(r)), com volumes de aplicação de 24L ha-1 e 34L ha-1 e uma testemunha sem aplicação. As gotas geradas pelos equipamentos (densidade, diâmetro mediano volumétrico) foram avaliadas através da utilização de papéis hidrosensíveis. Também foram avaliadas a severidade da mancha amarela e da ferrugem da folha. A utilização de bicos hidráulicos com volume de aplicação de 120L ha-1 apresentaram as maiores eficiências no controle das doenças. O atomizador rotativo de discos com volume de aplicação de 34L ha-1 apresentou eficiência no controle das doenças semelhantes ao bico hidráulico. A densidade de gotas foi superior a 40 gotas cm-2 em todos os tratamentos, mesmo nos tratamentos com atomizadores rotativos de disco com baixo volume de aplicação. O controle das doenças não apresentou relação direta com a cobertura mensurada pelos cartões hidrosensíveis.

The use of spraying equipments with lower spray volume at disease control is a tendency in agriculture. The study aimed to determinate the efficiency of low spray volume at the wheat leaf diseases control. The experiment was carried during two harvest years and three cultivars in Santa Maria, RS. The treatments were constituted of different spraying equipments: hydraulic nozzle (XR 110015) and hollow cone (TX-VK6), both with spray volume of 120L ha-1, rotary-disk atomizer using low volume in oil, with spray volume of 24L ha-1 and 34L ha-1 and a control treatment without application. The droplets generated by the equipments (density, medium volumetric diameter) were evaluated throughout the use of water sensible cards. Also were evaluated the yellow leaf blight and leaf rust. The use of hydraulic nozzle at spray volume of 120L ha-1 showed higher efficiency on the disease control. The rotary-disk atomizer with spray volume of 34L ha-1 showed similar efficiency in the disease control of hydraulic nozzle. The droplet density was superior to 40 droplets cm-2 in all treatments, also at the rotary-disk treatments with low pulverization rates. The disease control did not show direct relation with the coverage measured by the water sensible cards.

Effect of superfine pulverization on physicochemical and medicinal properties of Qili Powder

Qili Powder, a preparation from Traditional Chinese Medicine, commonly used to treat injuries from falling or stumbling, pain caused by bruising, and traumatic hemorrhage. The aim of the present work was to investigate the application of the superfine pulverization on Qili Powder properties. The physicochemical and medicinal properties of fine Qili Powder with D90 particle size of 164.5 μm, and superfine Qili Powder with D90 particle size of 32.2 μm were investigated. The results showed that with decreasing particle size, the specific surface area and pore volume increased, the fluidity decreased, and the percentage of moisture absorption and the balanced moisture content decreased. Analysis HPLC, XRD and FTIR results indicated that superfine pulverization didn’t influence dracorhodin content, nor the molecular structure and crystal form of Qili Powder. The percentage of dissolution of dracorhodin was significantly improved after superfine pulverization. Pharmacokinetics results confirmed that superfine pulverization increases the absorption rate in rats and dracorhodin content of Qili Powder.

Qualidade da aplicação de inseticida em amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L), com e sem adjuvantes na calda, sob chuva simulada / Quality of inseticide application on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L), with and without adjuvants in the spraying liquid, under simulated rain

O trabalho objetivou avaliar os perfis de distribuição volumétrica, o diâmetro de gotas, a tensão superficial, o ângulo de contato de gotas e a deposição de calda de pulverização sobre folhas de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) submetidas à chuva artificial, em comparação à deposição sem chuva, usando-se dois modelos de pontas hidráulicas de jatos planos e caldas inseticidas com e sem adição de adjuvantes. Utilizou-se mesa de deposição para análise da distribuição volumétrica, analisador de partículas a laser para avaliar o diâmetro de gotas formadas pelas pontas SF 110015 e XR 110015 e tensiômetro para as análises de tensão e ângulo de contato de gotas. As caldas avaliadas foram: água, lambda-cialotrina, lambda-cialotrina + tributilcitrat + polidimetilsiloxano e lambda-cialotrina + óleo mineral. Os ensaios seguiram um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e as comparações das médias pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Concluiu-se que deve ser considerado um espaçamento máximo na barra de pulverização de 50 e 90 cm entre as pontas, para SF 110015 e XR 110015, respectivamente. O efeito dos adjuvantes no diâmetro de gotas depende da ponta de pulverização e do produto empregado, sendo que a adição dos adjuvantes à calda afetou o risco potencial de deriva; O Diâmetro Mediano Volumétrico (DMV) das gotas produzidas pelas pontas enquadraram-se na classe fina e não foram influenciados pelos adjuvantes. O tributilcitrat + polidimetilsiloxano pode ser indicado para melhorar a cobertura e deposição de gotas no alvo.

The present work aimed to evaluate the volumetric distribution profiles, droplet spectra, surface tension, contact angle of droplet and the spraying liquid deposition over the peanut leaves (Arachis hypogaea L.), under artificial rain, in comparison with deposition without rain, using two hydraulic nozzle models of plain fan and insecticide spraying liquids with and without adjuvants addition. It were used a patternator for volumetric distribution analysis, a laser particles analyzer to evaluate droplet spectra produced by SF 110015 and XR 110015 nozzles and tensiometer for droplet tension and contact angle. The spraying liquids evaluated were: water, lambda-cialotrina, lambda-cialotrina + nitrogen fertilizer and lambda-cialotrina + mineral oil. All experiments followed a completely randomized design. Data were submitted to variance analysis by F test and the means comparisons by Scott-Knott test at 5% of probability. According to the results, it must be considered the maximum spacing in spray boom usage of 50 and 90 cm between the nozzles SF110015 and XR110015, respectively. The adjuvants effects on droplet spectra have shown addicted to the nozzle and the product used, and the adjuvants addition to the spraying liquid affected the potential risk of drift; The Volumetric Median Diameter (VMD) of produced droplets by nozzles filled into thin class and were not influenced by the adjuvants. The nitrogen fertilizer adjuvant may be indicated to promote improvements on coverage and droplet deposition on target.

Effect of Dietary Intake of Ultra-fine or Nano-Scale Pulverized Cornstarch on the Growing Performance and Gut Function in Rats

The objectives of this study was to determine whether a new physically modified cornstarch by ultra-fine- or nanoscale pulverizer to reduce particle size offers better bioactive function than native cornstarch in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. Male weaning Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing native cornstarch (NAC), ultra fine pulverized cornstarch (UFC) or nano-scale pulverized cornstarch (NSC) for 4 weeks. In vitro rate of starch hydrolysis, growth performance, organ weight, intestine length intestinal proliferation and the fermentation by Bifidobacterium of rat cecum were evaluated. The diet with reduced particle size (UFC or NSC) significantly increased body weight gain and organ weight. Feed efficiency was increased in NSC fed rats and was not affected in UFC fed rats. Intestinal proliferation was decreased in NSC group. Reduction of particle size also increased cecal short chain fatty acid concentration and the growth and acidifying activity of Bifidobacterium. It is concluded that a reduction of particle size of starch granules by physically modification may increase growing performance and gut function.

Eficiência do óxido de fenbutatin sobre formas móveis do ácaro vermelho europeu (Panonychus ulmi Koch.) em macieira / Efficience evaluation of fenbutatin oxide on control of red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch.) on apple tree

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a eficiência do Óxido de Fenbutatin, no controle das formas móveis do ácaro vermelho europeu. Realizou-se um ensaio em pomar de macieira, cv. Fuji, na Empresa Florense, em Lagoa Vermelha, RS, na safra de 1993/94. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as doses utilizadas foram eficientes, até os trinta dias após a aplicação.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficience of Fenbutatin Oxide for controlling mobile forms of red mite ( Panonichus ulmi Koch.). An experiment was conducted in apple orchard cv. Fuji, in Lagoa Vermelha county, RS, Brazil, in 1993/94. The results indicated that all treatments with Fenbutatin Oxide were efficients at 30 days after application.

Study on pulverization and extraction of Huanglianjiangtang Tablets / 中成药

AIM: To make the optimum process conditions of extracting and grinding for Huanglianjiangtang Tablets (Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, etc.). METHODS: Applying fluid jet mill to the root of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and adopting emodin and chrysophanol as markers, degree of grinding on herbs was studied, optimum extraction of Rhizoma coptidis with Berberine as marker was investigated by orthogonal design. RESULTS: Optinum processing condition was as follow, powdered herbs with diameter less than 10?m macerated in 50% ethanol for 40min , reflux extraction three times and 2hr per time. CONCLUSION: The optimum processes result in high content of active constituents. These processes can be applied rightly in mass production.

Study of the process parameters in pharmaceutical air jet pulverization / 中成药

Objective:To study the influence of some process parameters on the product granularity in pharmaceutical air jet pulverization process.Methods:The method of quadratic regressive orthogonal experiment was used.Results:The mathematics model describing the relationship between the parameters studied and product granularity was established.Conclusion:The conclusions in the experimental study have instructional significance for pharmaceutical production.